All Issue

2026 Vol.2, Issue 3 Preview Page

Review Article

Aromatherapy for improving canine health and welfare: mechanisms of action, behavioral effects, and clinical applications
Jung-Whan Chon1†
,
Kun-Ho Seo2†
,
Dong-Rak Choi3
,
Su-Jin Kim4
,
Beong-Suk Kim4
,
Seokhee Ryu5
,
Hyun-Ju Kim6
,
Hyeon A Jung7
,
Kwang-Young Song7*
1Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
2College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for One Health, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
3Department of Companion Animal Health and Sciences, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
4Department of Companion Animal Health, Tongmyong University, Busan 48520, Republic of Korea
5Kyung Hee University Startup Campus Town & Business Incubation Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
6Department of Companion Animal, Bucheon University, Bucheon 14632, Republic of Korea
7Department of Companion Animal Health and Department of Pet Industry, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
*Corresponding Author
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
30 September 2026. pp. 190-222
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Dogs possess a highly developed olfactory system, making olfactory stimulation an important regulator of behavior, emotion, and physiological responses. As interest in companion animal welfare has grown, aromatherapy has emerged as a complementary approach for improving canine physical and psychological health through plant-derived essential oils. This review summarizes the mechanisms, behavioral effects, and clinical applications of aromatherapy in dogs. Commonly studied essential oils include lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii), niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia), and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). These essential oils possess anxiolytic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that aromatherapy may reduce stress-related behaviors, alleviate transportation and separation anxiety, and improve welfare in veterinary clinics, shelters, and home environments. In addition, several essential oils show potential benefits in the management of dermatological disorders, otitis externa, wound healing, chronic inflammatory conditions, and age-related diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that aromatherapy may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroimmune regulation, and the gut-brain axis. However, current evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, methodological variability, insufficient standardization, and inadequate safety data. Future studies should focus on large-scale controlled clinical trials, precision aromatherapy, microbiome-related mechanisms, wearable biosensors, and artificial intelligence-based behavioral monitoring. In conclusion, aromatherapy is a promising complementary strategy for improving canine health and welfare. Further scientific validation may establish its role as an evidence-based component of integrative veterinary medicine within the One Health framework.

Keywords
Aromatherapy
Canine welfare
Essential oil
Integrative veterinary care
One Health
References
1

Scoresby KJ, Strand EB, Ng Z, Brown KC, Stilz CR, Strobel K, Barroso CS, Souza M. 2021. Pet ownership and quality of life: a systematic review of the literature. Vet Sci 16;8(12):332. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120332

10.3390/vetsci812033234941859PMC8705563
2

Schreiner PJ. 2016. Emerging cardiovascular risk research: impact of pets on cardiovascular risk prevention. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 10:8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-016-0489-2

10.1007/s12170-016-0489-227547289PMC4991891
3

Mubanga M, Byberg L, Egenvall A, Ingelsson E, Fall T. 2017. Dog ownership and the risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a nationwide cohort study. Sci Rep 7:15821. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16118-6

10.1038/s41598-017-16118-629150678PMC5693989
4

O’Neill DG, James H, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, Pegram C. 2021. Prevalence of commonly diagnosed disorders in UK dogs under primary veterinary care. BMC Vet Res 17:69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02775-3

10.1186/s12917-021-02775-333593363PMC7888168
5

Dewey CW, Davies ES, Xie H, Wakshlag JJ. 2019. Canine cognitive dysfunction: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 49(3):477-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.013

10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.013
6

Salonen M, Sulkama S, Mikkola S, Puurunen J, Hakanen E, Tiira K, et al. 2020. Prevalence, comorbidity, and breed differences in canine anxiety in 13,700 Finnish pet dogs. Sci Rep 10:2962. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59837-z

10.1038/s41598-020-59837-z32139728PMC7058607
7

Sargisson RJ. 2014. Canine separation anxiety: strategies for treatment and management. Vet Med (Auckl) 5:143-151. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S60424

10.2147/VMRR.S6042433062616PMC7521022
8

Overall KL, Dunham AE, Frank D. 2001. Frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, and noise phobia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219(4):467-473. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.219.467

10.2460/javma.2001.219.467
9

Riemer S. 2023. Therapy and prevention of noise fears in dogs: a review. Animals 13(23):3664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233664

10.3390/ani1323366438067015PMC10705068
10

Wells DL. 2006. Aromatherapy for travel-induced excitement in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229(6):964-967. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.6.964

10.2460/javma.229.6.964
11

Komiya M, Sugiyama A, Tanabe K, Uchino T, Takeuchi T. 2009. Evaluation of the effect of topical application of lavender oil on autonomic nerve activity in dogs. Am J Vet Res 70(6):764-769. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.70.6.764

10.2460/ajvr.70.6.764
12

Falck CL. 2025. Introduction to veterinary medical aromatherapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 55(6):1063-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.07.003

10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.07.003
13

Valdivieso-Ugarte M, Gomez-Llorente C, Plaza-Díaz J, Gil Á. 2019. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of essential oils: a systematic review. Nutrients 11(11):2786. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112786

10.3390/nu1111278631731683PMC6893664
14

Masyita A, Mustika Sari R, Dwi Astuti A, Yasir B, Rahma Rumata N, Emran TB, Nainu F, Simal-Gandara J. 2022. Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives. Food Chem X 13:100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100217

10.1016/j.fochx.2022.10021735498985PMC9039924
15

Miguel MG. 2010. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils: a short review. Molecules 15(12):9252-9287. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15129252

10.3390/molecules1512925221160452PMC6259136
16

Sattayakhom A, Wichit S, Koomhin P. 2023. The effects of essential oils on the nervous system: a scoping review. Molecules 28(9):3771. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093771

10.3390/molecules2809377137175176PMC10180368
17

Ebani VV, Bertelloni F, Najar B, Nardoni S, Pistelli L, Mancianti F. 2020. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Staphylococcus and Malassezia strains isolated from canine dermatitis. Microorganisms 8(2):252. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020252

10.3390/microorganisms802025232069976PMC7074795
18

Vercelli C, Pasquetti M, Giovannetti G, Visioni S, Re G, Giorgi M, Gambino G, Peano A. 2021. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a new phytotherapic blend to treat acute externa otitis in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 44(6):910-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13000

10.1111/jvp.1300034258792PMC9290716
19

Farnan TB, McCallum JL, Hurn SD. 2005. Tea tree oil: in vitro efficacy in otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol 119(3):198-201. https://doi.org/10.1258/0022215053561495

10.1258/0022215053561495
20

Quignon P, Giraud M, Rimbault M, Lavigne P, Tacher S, Morin E, et al. 2003. Comparison of the canine and human olfactory receptor gene repertoires. Genome Biol 4(12):R80. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2003-4-12-r80

10.1186/gb-2003-4-12-r8014659017PMC329419
21

Issel-Tarver L, Rine J. 1996. Organization and expression of canine olfactory receptor genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(20):10897-10902. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.20.10897

10.1073/pnas.93.20.108978855279PMC38254
22

Kim SH, Kim S, Jun HK, Kim DH. 2009. Efficacy of aromatherapy for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs. Korean J Vet Res 49(1):85-89.

23

Craven BA, Paterson EG, Settles GS. 2010. The fluid dynamics of canine olfaction: unique nasal airflow patterns as an explanation of macrosmia. J R Soc Interface 7(47):933-943. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0490

10.1098/rsif.2009.049020007171PMC2871809
24

Jia C, Halpern M. 1996. Subclasses of vomeronasal receptor neurons: differential expression of G proteins (Giα2 and Goα) and segregated projections to the accessory olfactory bulb. Brain Res 719(1-2):117-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00110-2

10.1016/0006-8993(96)00110-2
25

Mori K, Sakano H. 2021. Olfactory circuitry and behavioral decisions. Annu Rev Physiol 83:231-256. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-031820-092824

10.1146/annurev-physiol-031820-092824
26

Herz RS. 2004. A naturalistic analysis of autobiographical memories triggered by olfactory, visual and auditory stimuli. Chem Senses 29(3):217-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh025

10.1093/chemse/bjh025
27

Overall KL. 2013. Manual of Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Dogs and Cats. St Louis: Elsevier.

28

Landsberg G, Hunthausen W, Ackerman L. 2013. Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat. 3rd ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders Elsevier.

29

Koulivand PH, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. 2013. Lavender and the nervous system. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013:681304. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/681304

10.1155/2013/68130423573142PMC3612440
30

Beerda B, Schilder MB, van Hooff JA, de Vries HW, Mol JA. 1999. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses. Physiol Behav 66(2):233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00289-3

10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00289-3
31

Dreschel NA, Granger DA. 2009. Methods of collection for salivary cortisol measurement in dogs. Horm Behav 55(1):163-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.09.010

10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.09.010
32

Perry R, Terry R, Watson LK, Ernst E. 2012. Is lavender an anxiolytic drug? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Phytomedicine 19(8-9):825-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.02.013

10.1016/j.phymed.2012.02.013
33

Nagasawa M, Mitsui S, En S, Ohtani N, Ohta M, Sakuma Y, et al. 2015. Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds. Science 348(6232):333-336. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261022

10.1126/science.1261022
34

Kirchoff NS, Udell MAR, Sharpton TJ. 2019. The gut microbiome correlates with conspecific aggression in a small population of rescued dogs (Canis familiaris). PeerJ 7:e6103. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6103

10.7717/peerj.610330643689PMC6330041
35

Sandri M, Dal Monego S, Conte G, Sgorlon S, Stefanon B. 2017. Raw meat based diet influences faecal microbiome and end products of fermentation in healthy dogs. BMC Vet Res 13:65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-0981-z

10.1186/s12917-017-0981-z28245817PMC5331737
36

Wells DL. 2004. A review of environmental enrichment for kennelled dogs, Canis familiaris. Appl Anim Behav Sci 85(3-4):307-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.11.005

10.1016/j.applanim.2003.11.005
37

Graham L, Wells DL, Hepper PG. 2005. The influence of olfactory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Appl Anim Behav Sci 91(1-2):143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.024

10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.024
38

López V, Nielsen B, Solas M, Ramírez MJ, Jäger AK. 2017. Exploring pharmacological mechanisms of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil on central nervous system targets. Front Pharmacol 8:280. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00280

10.3389/fphar.2017.0028028579958PMC5437114
39

Cline M, Taylor JE, Flores J, Bracken S, McCall S, Ceremuga TE. 2008. Investigation of the anxiolytic effects of linalool, a lavender extract, in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. AANA J 76(1):47-52.

40

Brum LFS, Emanuelli T, Souza DO, Elisabetsky E. 2001. Effects of linalool on glutamate release and uptake in mouse cortical synaptosomes. Neurochem Res 26(3):191-194. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010904214482

10.1023/A:1010904214482
41

McKay DL, Blumberg JB. 2006. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytother Res 20(7):519-530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1900

10.1002/ptr.1900
42

El Mihyaoui A, Esteves da Silva JCG, Charfi S, Candela Castillo ME, Lamarti A, Arnao MB. 2022. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): a review of ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses. Life 12(4):479. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12040479

10.3390/life1204047935454969PMC9032859
43

Moss M, Oliver L. 2012. Plasma 1,8-cineole correlates with cognitive performance following exposure to rosemary essential oil aroma. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2(3):103-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125312436573

10.1177/204512531243657323983963PMC3736918
44

Bismarck D, Dusold A, Heusinger A, Müller E. 2020. Antifungal in vitro activity of essential oils against clinical isolates of malassezia pachydermatis from canine ears: a report from a practice laboratory. Complement Med Res 27(3):143-154. https://doi.org/10.1159/000504316

10.1159/00050431631775141PMC7384348
45

Chen W, Viljoen AM. 2010. Geraniol—a review of a commercially important fragrance material. S Afr J Bot 76(4):643-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.05.008

10.1016/j.sajb.2010.05.008
46

Diallo A, Tine Y, Diop A, Ndoye I, Traoré F, Boye C S B, Costa J, Paoline J, Wélé A. 2020. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake (Myrtaceae). Asian J Appli Chem Res 5(2):46-52. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2020/v5i230132

10.9734/ajacr/2020/v5i230132
47

Chaverri CF, Cicció J. 2021. Chemical composition of essential oils of the tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) cultivated in Costa Rica. Cuadernos de Investigación UNED 13(1):e3327. https://doi.org/10.22458/urj.v13i1.3327

10.22458/urj.v13i1.3327
48

Orchard A, van Vuuren S. 2017. Commercial essential oils as potential antimicrobials to treat skin diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017:4517971. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4517971

10.1155/2017/451797128546822PMC5435909
49

Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. 2003. Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. J Appl Microbiol 95(4):853-860. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x

10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x
50

Szewczuk MA, Zych S, Oster N, Karakulska J. 2023. Activity of patchouli and tea tree essential oils against staphylococci isolated from pyoderma in dogs and their synergistic potential with gentamicin and enrofloxacin. Animals 13(8):1279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081279

10.3390/ani1308127937106842PMC10134980
51

Khan SA, McLean MK, Slater MR. 2014. Concentrated tea tree oil toxicosis in dogs and cats: 443 cases (2002-2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc 244(1):95-99. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.244.1.95

10.2460/javma.244.1.95
52

Villar D, Knight MJ, Hansen SR, Buck WB. 1994. Toxicity of melaleuca oil and related essential oils applied topically on dogs and cats. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(2):139-142.

53

Yin S. 2009. Low Stress Handling, Restraint and Behavior Modification of Dogs & Cats. Davis (CA): CattleDog Publishing.

54

Beerda B, Schilder MBH, van Hooff JARAM, de Vries HW, Mol JA. 1998. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 58(3-4):365-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00145-7

10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00145-7
55

Mârza SM, Munteanu C, Papuc I, Radu L, Diana P, Purdoiu RC. 2024. Behavioral, physiological, and pathological approaches of cortisol in dogs. Animals 14(23):3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233536

10.3390/ani1423353639682501PMC11640126
56

Binks J, Taylor S, Wills A, Montrose VT. 2018. The behavioural effects of olfactory stimulation on dogs at a rescue shelter. Appl Anim Behav Sci 202:69-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.01.009

10.1016/j.applanim.2018.01.009
57

Meneses T, Robinson J, Galvan M, et al. 2021. Development of and pharmacological treatment options and future research opportunities for separation anxiety in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 259(10):1130-1139. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.20.10.0602

10.2460/javma.20.10.0602
58

Shin YJ, Shin NS, Kim JY, Lee YJ, Kim MS, Park JK, et al. 2016. Evaluation of effects of olfactory and auditory stimulation on separation anxiety by salivary cortisol measurement in dogs. J Vet Sci 17(2):153-158. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.153

10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.15326645334PMC4921663
59

Hunt ABG, Flint HE, Logan DW, King T, Harris PA, Dunston-Clarke E, et al. 2023. A single dose of cannabidiol positively influences measures of stress in dogs during separation and car travel. Front Vet Sci 10:1112604. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1112604

10.3389/fvets.2023.111260436908527PMC9992179
60

Rodan I, Sundahl E, Carney H, Gagnon AC, Heath S, Landsberg G, et al. 2011. AAFP and ISFM feline-friendly handling guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 13(5):364-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.012

10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.01221515223PMC11107994
61

Lloyd JKF. 2017. Minimising stress for patients in the veterinary hospital: why it is important and what can be done about it. Vet Sci 4(2):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci4020022

10.3390/vetsci402002229056681PMC5606596
62

Amaya V, Paterson MBA, Phillips CJC. 2020. Effects of olfactory and auditory enrichment on heart rate variability in shelter dogs. Animals 10(8):1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081385

10.3390/ani1008138532785115PMC7460225
63

Fatjó J, Amat M, Mariotti VM, Ruiz de la Torre JL, Manteca X. 2007. Analysis of 1040 cases of canine aggression in a referral practice in Spain. J Vet Behav 2(5):158-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2007.07.008

10.1016/j.jveb.2007.07.008
64

Shabelansky A, Dowling-Guyer S, Quist H, Segurson D’Arpino S, McCobb E. 2015. Characteristics of excitable dog behavior based on self-report surveys from owners. Animals 5(3):748-765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6030022

10.3390/ani603002226999222PMC4810050
65

Cobb ML, Jimenez AG, Dreschel NA. 2025. Beyond cortisol: physiological indicators of welfare for dogs. Animals 15:537.

10.1080/10888705.2025.2572616
66

Ebani VV. 2020. Use of essential oils in veterinary medicine to combat bacterial and fungal infections. Vet Sci 7(4):193. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040193

10.3390/vetsci704019333266079PMC7712454
67

Drechsler Y, Dong C, Clark DE, Kaur G. Canine atopic dermatitis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. Vet Med (Auckl). 2024;15:15-29. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S412570

10.2147/VMRR.S41257038371487PMC10874193
68

Marsella R. 2021. Atopic dermatitis in domestic animals: what our current understanding is and how this applies to clinical practice. Vet Sci 8(7):124. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070124

10.3390/vetsci807012434357916PMC8310319
69

Lee SH, Heo Y, Kim YC. 2010. Effect of German chamomile oil application on alleviating atopic dermatitis-like immune alterations in mice. J Vet Sci 11(1):35-41. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2010.11.1.35

10.4142/jvs.2010.11.1.3520195063PMC2833428
70

Dontje AEWK, Schuiling-Veninga CCM, van Hunsel FPAM, Ekhart C, Demirci F, Woerdenbag HJ. 2024. The therapeutic potential of essential oils in managing inflammatory skin conditions: a scoping review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 17(5):571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17050571

10.3390/ph1705057138794141PMC11123799
71

Schreml S, Szeimies RM, Prantl L, Landthaler M, Babilas P. 2010. Wound healing in the 21st century. J Am Acad Dermatol 63(5):866-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.048

10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.048
72

Gantwerker EA, Hom DB. 2011. Skin: histology and physiology of wound healing. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 19(3):441-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2011.06.009

10.1016/j.fsc.2011.06.009
73

Saridomichelakis MN, Farmaki R, Leontides LS, Koutinas AF. 2007. Aetiology of canine otitis externa: a retrospective study of 100 cases. Vet Dermatol 18(5):341-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00619.x

10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00619.x
74

Nuttall T. 2016. Successful management of otitis externa. In Pract 38(Suppl 2):17-21. https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.i1951

10.1136/inp.i1951
75

Kang MH, Park HM. 2025. Cognitive dysfunction in aging dogs and cats: diagnosis and management perspectives. J Vet Sci 26(S1):S125-S138. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.25213

10.4142/jvs.25213PMC12520861
76

Rychel JK. 2010. Diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis. Top Companion Anim Med 25(1):20-25. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.005

10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.005
77

Millis DL, Levine D. 2014. Canine Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier.

78

Markus CR, Olivier B, de Haan EH. 2002. Whey protein rich in alpha-lactalbumin increases the ratio of plasma tryptophan to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids and improves cognitive performance in stress-vulnerable subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 75(6):1051-1056. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.6.1051

10.1093/ajcn/75.6.1051
79

Actor JK, Hwang SA, Kruzel ML. 2009. Lactoferrin as a natural immune modulator. Curr Pharm Des 15(17):1956-1973. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161209788453202

10.2174/13816120978845320219519436PMC2915836
80

Buckley RM, Lyons LA. 2020. Precision/Genomic medicine for domestic cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 50(5):983-990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.05.005

10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.05.005
81

MSD Veterinary Manual. 2024. Toxicoses From Essential Oils in Animals [Internet]. Rahway (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc. [cited 2026 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.msdvetmanual.com/toxicology/toxicoses-from-household-hazards/toxicoses-from-essential-oils-in-animals?utm_source=chatgpt.com

82

Sivamaruthi BS, Kesika P, Daungchan N, Sisubalan N, Chaiyasut C. 2024. Composition, bioactivities, microbiome, safety concerns, and impact of essential oils on the health status of domestic animals. Appl Sci 14(16):6882. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166882

10.3390/app14166882
83

Genovese AG, McLean MK, Khan SA. 2012. Adverse reactions from essential oil-containing natural flea products exempted from Environmental Protection Agency regulations in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 22(4):470-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00780.x

10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00780.x
84

Zehetner P, Höferl M, Buchbauer G. 2019. Essential oil components and cytochrome P450 enzymes: a review. Flavour Fragr J 34:223-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3496

10.1002/ffj.3496
85

Cho HJ, Yoon IS. 2015. Pharmacokinetic interactions of herbs with cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015:736431. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/736431

10.1155/2015/73643125632290PMC4302358
86

Gilani B, Cassagnol M. 2023. Biochemistry, Cytochrome P450. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557698/

87

Pramod K, Ansari SH, Ali J. 2010. Eugenol: a natural compound with versatile pharmacological actions. Nat Prod Commun 5(12):1999-2006. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1000501236

10.1177/1934578X1000501236
88

Burkhard PR, Burkhardt K, Haenggeli CA, Landis T. 1999. Plant-induced seizures: reappearance of an old problem. J Neurol 246(8):667-670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150050429

10.1007/s004150050429
89

Oechtering GU. 2010. Brachycephalic syndrome—new information on an old congenital disease. Vet Focus 20(2):2-9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1381822

10.1055/s-0034-1381822
90

Dinwoodie IR, Dwyer B, Zottola V, Gleason D, Dodman NH. 2019. Demographics and comorbidity of behavior problems in dogs. J Vet Behav 32:62-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2019.04.007

10.1016/j.jveb.2019.04.007
91

Chambers RD, Yoder NC, Carson AB, et al. 2021. Deep learning classification of canine behavior using a single collar-mounted accelerometer: real-world validation. Animals 11(6):1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061549

10.3390/ani1106154934070579PMC8228965
92

Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. 2020. The role of the canine gut microbiome and metabolome in health and gastrointestinal disease. Front Vet Sci 6:498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00498

10.3389/fvets.2019.0049831993446PMC6971114
93

Sacoor C, Barros L, Monteiro M, et al. 2024. Gut-brain axis impact on canine anxiety disorders: new challenges for behavioral veterinary medicine. Animals 14(2):260. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2856759

10.1155/2024/285675938292207PMC10827376
94

Kiełbik P, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. 2024. The relationship between canine behavioral disorders and gut microbiome and future therapeutic perspectives. Animals 14(14):2048. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142048

10.3390/ani1414204839061510PMC11273744
95

Pellowe SD, Zhang A, Bignell DRD, et al. 2025. Gut microbiota composition is related to anxiety and aggression scores in companion dogs. Sci Rep 15:24336. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06178-4

10.1038/s41598-025-06178-440624095PMC12234828
96

Layman DK, Lönnerdal B, Fernstrom JD. 2018. Applications for α-lactalbumin in human nutrition, Nutr Rev 76(6):444-460. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy004

10.1093/nutrit/nuy00429617841PMC5934683
97

Fan Z, Bian Z, Huang H, Liu T, Ren R, Chen X, et al. 2023. Dietary strategies for relieving stress in pet dogs and cats. Animals 13(8):1388.

98

Schroers M, Juhasz A, Zablotski Y, Meyer-Lindenberg A. 2024. Effect of casozepine administration on stress in dogs during a veterinary examination: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Vet J 306:106148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106148

10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106148
99

Diogo Gonçalves S, Paiva-Cardoso MdN, Caramelo A. 2025. Green preservation strategies: the role of essential oils in sustainable food preservatives. Sustainability 17(16):7326. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167326

10.3390/su17167326
100

World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Organisation for Animal Health, United Nations Environment Programme. 2022. One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026): Working Together for the Health of Humans, Animals, Plants and the Environment. Geneva: World Health Organization.

101

Pitt SJ, Gunn A. 2024. The one health concept. Br J Biomed Sci 81:12366. https://doi.org/10.3389/bjbs.2024.12366

10.3389/bjbs.2024.1236638434675PMC10902059
Information
  • Publisher :Journal of Humanimal Sciences
  • Publisher(Ko) :한경국립대학교 휴머니멀응용과학연구소
  • Journal Title :Journal of Humanimal Sciences
  • Journal Title(Ko) :휴머니멀과학학술지
  • Volume : 2
  • No :3
  • Pages :190-222
  • Received Date : 2026-07-13
  • Accepted Date : 2026-07-15
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.23341/jhas.2026.2.3.190
Journal Informaiton Journal of Humanimal Sciences Journal of Humanimal Sciences
Online Submission
  • open access
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close