All Issue

2025 Vol.1, Issue 1 Preview Page

Research Article

Evaluation of lysophospholipids supplementation in feed ingredients on amino acid ileal digestibility in growing pigs
Gyu-Seong Kim1†
,
Won-Vin Choi1†
,
Min-Ju Kim23*
1General Graduate School of Department of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
2School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
3Institute of Applied Humanimal Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
*Corresponding Author
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
31 March 2025. pp. 19-28
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Lysophospholipids (LPL) supplementation in basal diets consisting exclusively of corn, soybean meal, and distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on the ileal digestibility of amino acids in growing pigs. Six growing pigs with an initial body weight of 24.90 ± 2.02 kg were used, and a 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design was employed. The experimental diets consisted of six treatments based on LPL supplementation to corn, soybean meal, and DDGS, with four experimental periods. Each treatment period lasted 7 days, for a total of 28 experimental days. The results showed a tendency to improve the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in diets supplemented with LPL in corn-based treatments (p = 0.063). However, no significant differences were observed in apparent ileal digestibility (AID) or SID of amino acids due to LPL supplementation in corn, soybean meal and DDGS-based treatments. Overall, while LPL supplementation did not significantly affect the digestibility of most amino acids in the basal diets, it showed a tendency to improve the ileal digestibility of specific amino acids. These findings suggest that LPL supplementation may partially enhance the digestibility of certain amino acids in diets for growing pigs. In conclusion, further studies considering factors such as pig age, LPL concentration, various emulsifier combinations, and diet composition are necessary to elucidate the broader implications of LPL supplementation.1

Keywords
Amino acid
Growing pig
Ileal digestibility
Lysophospholipids
References
1

Stein HH, Lagos LV, Casas GA. 2016. Nutritional value of feed ingredients of plant origin fed to pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 218:33-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.003

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.003
2

Niemi JK, Sevón-Aimonen M-L, Pietola K, Stalder KJ. 2010. The value of precision feeding technologies for grow-finish swine. Livestock Science 129:13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.12.006

10.1016/j.livsci.2009.12.006
3

Kim MJ, Ha SH, Mun JY, Park SR, Park SA, Choi SD, Kim JS. 2024. Effects of crude protein in rearing substrates on rearing performance and nutrient accumulation of black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens). Annals of Animal Resources Sciences 35:46-55. https://doi.org/10.12718/AARS.2024.35.2.46

10.12718/AARS.2024.35.2.46
4

Mosenthin R, Sauer WC, Blank R, Huisman J, Fan MZ. 2000. The concept of digestible amino acids in diet formulation for pigs. Livestock Production Science 64:265-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00139-6

10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00139-6
5

Wu G. 2010. Functional amino acids in growth, reproduction, and health. Advances in Nutrition 1:31-37. https://doi.org/10.12718/AARS.2024.35.2.46

10.12718/AARS.2024.35.2.46
6

Boontiam W, Phaenghairee P, Van Hoeck V, Vasanthakumari BL, Somers I, Wealleans A. 2022. Xylanase impact beyond performance: effects on gut structure, faecal volatile fatty acid content and ammonia emissions in weaned piglets fed diets containing fibrous ingredients. Animals 12:3043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213043

10.3390/ani1221304336359167PMC9654035
7

Jeon SM, Hosseindoust A, Choi YH, Kim MJ, Kim KY, Lee JH, Kil DY, Kim BG, Chae BJ. 2019. Comparative standardized ileal amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy contents of main feed ingredients for growing pigs when adding dietary β-mannanase. Animal Nutrition 5:359-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2019.07.001

10.1016/j.aninu.2019.07.00131890912PMC6920393
8

Munezero O, Kim IH. 2022. Effects of protease enzyme supplementation in weanling pigs' diet with different crude protein levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 64:854. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2022.e51

10.5187/jast.2022.e5136287751PMC9574619
9

Sun HY, Kim IH. 2019. Evaluation of an emulsifier blend on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood lipid profiles, and fecal microbial in growing pigs fed low energy density diet. Livestock Science 227:55-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.06.016

10.1016/j.livsci.2019.06.016
10

Adlercreutz P, Lyberg AM, Adlercreutz D. 2003. Enzymatic fatty acid exchange in glycero‐phospholipids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 105:638-645. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200300832

10.1002/ejlt.200300832
11

Six DA, Dennis EA. 2000. The expanding superfamily of phospholipase A2 enzymes: classification and characterization. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1488:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-1981(00)00105-0

10.1016/S1388-1981(00)00105-0
12

Bauer E, Jakob S, Mosenthin R. 2005. Principles of physiology of lipid digestion. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 18:282-295. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.282

10.5713/ajas.2005.282
13

Mu H, Høy C-E. 2004. The digestion of dietary triacylglycerols. Progress in Lipid Research 43:105-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00050-X

10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00050-X14654090
14

Hernell O, Staggers JE, Carey MC. 1990. Physical-chemical behavior of dietary and biliary lipids during intestinal digestion and absorption. 2. Phase analysis and aggregation states of luminal lipids during duodenal fat digestion in healthy adult human beings. Biochemistry 29:2041-2056. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00460a012

10.1021/bi00460a0122328238
15

Iqbal J, Hussain MM. 2009. Intestinal lipid absorption. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 296:E1183-E1194. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90899.2008

10.1152/ajpendo.90899.200819158321PMC2692399
16

Krogdahl Å. 1985. Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry. The Journal of nutrition 115:675-685. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/115.5.675

10.1093/jn/115.5.6753889239
17

Omer E, Chiodi C. 2024. Fat digestion and absorption: Normal physiology and pathophysiology of malabsorption, including diagnostic testing. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 39:S6-S16. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.11130

10.1002/ncp.11130
18

Van Nieuwenhuyzen W, Tomás MC. 2008. Update on vegetable lecithin and phospholipid technologies. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 110:472-486. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200800041

10.1002/ejlt.200800041
19

Zhang B, Haitao L, Zhao D, Guo Y, Barri A. 2011. Effect of fat type and lysophosphatidylcholine addition to broiler diets on performance, apparent digestibility of fatty acids, and apparent metabolizable energy content. Animal Feed Science and Technology 163:177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.10.004

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.10.004
20

Nanjwade BK, Patel DJ, Udhani RA, Manvi FV. 2011. Functions of lipids for enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Scientia Pharmaceutica 79:705. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.1105-09

10.3797/scipharm.1105-0922145101PMC3221495
21

Hyun YK. 2014. Effect of Lysophospholipids Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Profiles and Carcass Traits in Broilers, Ph.D. dissertation, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, Korea.

22

Zhao PY, Kim IH. 2017. Effect of diets with different energy and lysophospholipids levels on performance, nutrient metabolism, and body composition in broilers. Poultry Science 96:1341-1347. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew469

10.3382/ps/pew46928204735
23

Zhao PY, Li HL, Hossain MM, Kim IH. 2015. Effect of emulsifier (lysophospholipids) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profile in weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 207:190-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.007

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.007
24

Kim MJ, Hosseindoust AR, Choi YH, Kumar A, Jeon SM, Lee SH, Jung BY, Kil DY, Chae BJ. 2018. An evaluation of metabolizable energy content of main feed ingredients for growing pigs when adding dietary lysophospholipids. Livestock Science 210:99-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2018.01.014

10.1016/j.livsci.2018.01.014
25

Brautigan DL, Li R, Kubicka E, Turner SD, Garcia JS, Weintraut ML, Wong EA. 2017. Lysolecithin as feed additive enhances collagen expression and villus length in the jejunum of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 96:2889-2898. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex078

10.3382/ps/pex07828444343
26

Tagesson C, Franzen L, Dahl G, Weström B. 1985. Lysophosphatidylcholine increases rat ileal permeability to macromolecules. Gut 26:369-377. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.26.4.369

10.1136/gut.26.4.3692579878PMC1432505
27

Arouri A, Mouritsen OG. 2013. Membrane-perturbing effect of fatty acids and lysolipids. Progress in Lipid Research 52:130-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2012.09.002

10.1016/j.plipres.2012.09.00223117036
28

Lundbaek JA, Andersen OS. 1994. Lysophospholipids modulate channel function by altering the mechanical properties of lipid bilayers. The Journal of General Physiology 104:645-673. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.104.4.645

10.1085/jgp.104.4.6457530766PMC2229230
29

Kelkar DA, Chattopadhyay A. 2007. The gramicidin ion channel: a model membrane protein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes 1768:2011-2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.05.011

10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.05.01117572379
30

Maingret F, Patel AJ, Lesage F, Lazdunski M, Honoré E. 2000. Lysophospholipids open the two-pore domain mechano-gated K+ channels TREK-1 and TRAAK. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275:10128-10133. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.14.10128

10.1074/jbc.275.14.1012810744694
31

Stein HH, Shipley CF, Easter RA. 1998. A technique for inserting a T-cannula into the distal ileum of pregnant sows. Journal of Animal Science 76:1433-1436. https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.7651433x

10.2527/1998.7651433x9621950
32

NRC (National Research Council). 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine (11th ed.). National Research Council.

33

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC). 2007. Official methods of analysis (18 th ed.). Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.

34

Stein HH, Fuller MF, Moughan PJ, Sève B, Mosenthin R, Jansman AJM, Fernández JA, De Lange CFM. 2007. Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs. Livestock Science 109:282-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.019

10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.019
35

Boontiam W, Hyun YK, Jung B, Kim YY. 2019. Effects of lysophospholipid supplementation to reduced energy, crude protein, and amino acid diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood profiles in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 98:6693-6701. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex005

10.3382/ps/pex00531801309PMC6869753
36

Wealleans AL, Bierinckx K, di Benedetto M. 2021. Fats and oils in pig nutrition: Factors affecting digestion and utilization. Animal Feed Science and Technology 277:114950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114950

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114950
37

Chen C, Jung B, Kim WK. 2019. Effects of lysophospholipid on growth performance, carcass yield, intestinal development, and bone quality in broilers. Poultry Science 98:3902-3913. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez111

10.3382/ps/pez11131329958
38

D'Arrigo P, Servi S. 2010. Synthesis of lysophospholipids. Molecules 15:1354-1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15031354

10.3390/molecules1503135420335986PMC6257299
39

Kinh LV, Vasanthakumari BL, Sugumar C, Thanh HLT, Thanh NV, Wealleans AL, Ngoan LD, Loan NVTH. 2022. Effect of a combination of lysolecithin, synthetic emulsifier and monoglycerides on the apparent ileal digestibility, metabolizable energy and growth performance of growing pigs. Animals 13:88. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010088

10.3390/ani1301008836611697PMC9817515
40

Choi HS. 2017. Evaluation of different levels of exogenous hydrophilic emulsifier supplementation in swine diets, Ph.D. dissertation, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, Korea.

41

Zampiga M, Meluzzi A, Sirri F. 2016. Effect of dietary supplementation of lysophospholipids on productive performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass quality traits of broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 15:521-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2016.1192965

10.1080/1828051X.2016.1192965
42

Li S, Sauer WC. 1994. The effect of dietary fat content on amino acid digestibility in young pigs. Journal of Animal Science 72:1737-1743. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.7271737x

10.2527/1994.7271737x7928753
43

Xing JJ, Van Heugten E, Li DF, Touchette KJ, Coalson JA, Odgaard RL, Odle J. 2004. Effects of emulsification, fat encapsulation, and pelleting on weanling pig performance and nutrient digestibility. Journal of Animal Science 82:2601-2609. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.8292601x

10.2527/2004.8292601x15446476
44

Honda K, Kamisoyama H, Isshiki Y, Hasegawa S. 2009. Effects of dietary fat levels on nutrient digestibility at different sites of chicken intestines. The Journal of Poultry Science 46:291-295. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.46.291

10.2141/jpsa.46.291
45

Honda K, Kamisoyama H, Kubo S, Motoori T, Hasegawa S. 2010. Effects of dietary fat levels on amino acid digestibility at different sites of chicken intestines. The Journal of Poultry Science 47:227-235. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.010017

10.2141/jpsa.010017
46

Galli GM, Levesque CL, Cantarelli VS, Chaves RF, Silva CC, Fascina VB, Perez-Palencia JY. 2024. Effect of protease supplementation on amino acid digestibility of soybean meal fed to growing-finishing pigs in two different ages. Journal of Animal Science 102:skae345. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae345

10.1093/jas/skae34539506561PMC11630852
47

Sugawara T, Kushiro M, Zhang H, Ono H, Nagao A, Nara E. 2001. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhances carotenoid uptake from mixed micelles by Caco-2 human intestinal cells. The Journal of Nutrition 131:2921-2927. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.11.2921

10.1093/jn/131.11.292111694619
48

McClements DJ, Jafari SM. 2018. Improving emulsion formation, stability and performance using mixed emulsifiers: A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 251:55-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2017.12.001

10.1016/j.cis.2017.12.00129248154
Information
  • Publisher :Journal of Humanimal Sciences
  • Publisher(Ko) :한경국립대학교 휴머니멀응용과학연구소
  • Journal Title :Journal of Humanimal Sciences
  • Journal Title(Ko) :휴머니멀과학학술지
  • Volume : 1
  • No :1
  • Pages :19-28
  • Received Date : 2025-02-13
  • Revised Date : 2025-02-20
  • Accepted Date : 2025-02-21
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.23341/jhas.2025.1.1.19
Journal Informaiton Journal of Humanimal Sciences Journal of Humanimal Sciences
Online Submission
  • open access
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close